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- <text id=89TT0414>
- <title>
- Feb. 13, 1989: Coming--A Historic Experiment
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Feb. 13, 1989 James Baker:The Velvet Hammer
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 64
- Coming: A Historic Experiment
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Biologists get set for gene transplants into humans
- </p>
- <p>By Dick Thompson
- </p>
- <p> For scientists, and possibly for all humanity, a watershed
- event is about to take place. Biologists have long been closing
- in on a goal that is both alluring and frightening: to alter the
- genetic code of a human being. They have transplanted foreign
- genes into bacteria, fruit flies, even mice. Now medical
- researchers at the National Institutes of Health are ready to
- take the big step: within the next two months they will perform
- the first authorized gene transplants into humans.
- </p>
- <p> The doctors intend to inject cells containing a gene from
- the bacterium E. coli into cancer patients at NIH. The gene
- itself will have no therapeutic power, but it will help the
- researchers monitor the effectiveness of an antitumor
- treatment. More important, the transplantation techniques being
- developed for the experiment could someday be used to cure
- several genetic ills, possibly including Huntington's disease,
- sickle-cell anemia and some types of muscular dystrophy. Says
- NIH director James Wyngaarden: "We have reached an important
- milestone in medical history."
- </p>
- <p> The work combines the efforts of three top NIH scientists:
- Steven Rosenberg, an expert in cancer therapy, and W. French
- Anderson and R. Michael Blaese, two master gene manipulators.
- For several years Rosenberg has been developing a novel cancer
- treatment using a type of cancer-fighting cell called TILs
- (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes). He removes TILs from cancer
- patients and clones large quantities of the cells in the
- laboratory. When this army of cells is reinjected into the
- patients, their tumors can shrink significantly. In one
- experiment with metastatic melanoma patients, 60% of them
- benefited from the therapy. But Rosenberg still needs to know
- how the TILs move through the body and why they do not always
- work.
- </p>
- <p> That is where gene transplants come in. Anderson has
- developed a technique using a "marker" that will let Rosenberg
- follow the progress of the TILs. The marker is the E. coli gene
- that makes a cell resistant to the antibiotic neomycin.
- Anderson has been able to tuck that bacterial gene into a virus
- and then implant the virus into TILs. Once inside the TILs, the
- gene becomes fully functional.
- </p>
- <p> In the upcoming experiment, Rosenberg plans to inject ten
- terminally ill patients with TILs carrying the marker.
- Periodically, he will remove bits of tumor from the subjects and
- douse the samples in neomycin. If some cells survive the dosing,
- he will know the TILs have reached the tumor.
- </p>
- <p> This limited test is only the beginning. The NIH researchers
- and others elsewhere are planning to transplant genes that could
- actually help people fight cancer and other diseases. For
- example, scientists hope to give patients genes that will enable
- their bodies to mass-produce such anticancer agents as
- interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor. Anderson believes the
- day is not far off when it will be possible to transplant a gene
- containing instructions for the manufacture of CD4, a substance
- that combats the AIDS virus. Ultimately, researchers think they
- may be able to conquer some hereditary diseases by replacing
- defective genes with normal ones.
- </p>
- <p> As promising as all that sounds, some critics oppose the NIH
- experiments on the ground that they set disturbing precedents
- for tampering with human genetics. Last week activist Jeremy
- Rifkin, a longtime opponent of genetic engineering, filed a
- federal suit to block the NIH project, saying such techniques
- could create "possibilities for tremendous social abuse."
- Rifkin fears that people with genetic abnormalities may be
- coerced into having potentially dangerous operations in order
- to qualify for insurance or Government benefits.
- </p>
- <p> Evan Kemp Jr., a member of the Equal Employment Opportunity
- Commission, who joined the Rifkin protest, fears that industrial
- workers might be pressured to undergo gene transplants. Suppose,
- he says, that a company is exposing its employees to a toxic
- chemical. Instead of getting rid of the poison, the firm might
- try to alter the genes of the workers to make them more
- resistant to the chemical.
- </p>
- <p> Such a scenario is conceivable, admit the supporters of gene
- therapy, but hardly inevitable. Confident that the courts will
- reject Rifkin's case, Rosenberg, Anderson and Blaese are going
- ahead with preparations for their historic experiment. They
- acknowledge that the power to alter genes could be abused. But
- they firmly believe that if the technology is used carefully,
- the potential benefits to humanity far outweigh the risks.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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